Interactive Angular Resolution Calculator How to Use This Calculator This calculator determines the angular resolution of an optical instrument (like a telescope or an eye) based on the Rayleigh Criterion.

Interactive Index of Refraction Calculator How to Use This Calculator This calculator determines various optical properties based on the index of refraction and Snell's Law. Select which variable you want

Laser Brightness (Irradiance) Calculator Calculator Instructions Theory & Formulas Laser Power (P): mW (milliwatts) W (watts) Initial Beam Diameter at Aperture (D₀): Enter diameter in millimeters (mm). Full Angle Beam

Relativistic Kinetic Energy Calculator Understanding Relativistic Kinetic Energy Classical physics, described by Newton's laws, provides a formula for kinetic energy (KE = 0.5mv2) that works well for objects moving at