Time Dilation Calculator (Special Relativity) The Phenomenon of Time Dilation Time Dilation is a consequence of Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. It states that time passes differently for observers

Interactive Aperture Area Calculator How to Use This Calculator This calculator determines the light-collecting area of a circular aperture, such as a telescope lens or mirror. It can also account

Electron Speed Calculator Classical vs. Relativistic Speeds from Kinetic Energy Introduction This calculator determines the speed of an electron given its kinetic energy (KE). It provides results from two perspectives:

Laser Brightness (Irradiance) Calculator Calculator Instructions Theory & Formulas Laser Power (P): mW (milliwatts) W (watts) Initial Beam Diameter at Aperture (D₀): Enter diameter in millimeters (mm). Full Angle Beam